Let's assume you will continue your installation by using the SSO-Inventory-vCenter steps instead of Simple Install.
I managed to install it on Windows Server 2012; so it works! :-)
What kind of database server do you have? And did you install it on the same machine as where you are installing SSO?
At the end of the wizard telling you the installation has failed, it will tell you a location of where the logfile is.
Can you locate this file and copy-paste the last recent lines?